Author: Collective Weather

The Earth is a fascinating planet, filled with an incredible array of weather phenomena that can take your breath away. From the Northern Lights to the Morning Glory clouds, there are countless natural wonders that showcase the beauty and power of our planet’s atmosphere. In this article, we will explore the top 10 most beautiful places in the world to witness unique weather phenomena. These destinations offer a chance to experience some of the most awe-inspiring and unforgettable weather events on Earth, from the comfort of stunning natural landscapes. So pack your bags, grab your camera, and get ready to embark on a journey to witness the incredible beauty of our planet’s weather.

1.Aurora Borealis in Iceland The Aurora Borealis, also known as the Northern Lights, is one of the most spectacular natural phenomena in the world. This incredible light show is caused by charged particles from the sun colliding with the Earth’s atmosphere, creating a dazzling display of colorful lights in the night sky. While the Northern Lights can be seen from many places in the world, Iceland is one of the best destinations to witness this incredible phenomenon. With its stunning landscapes, including glaciers, waterfalls, and geothermal hot springs, Iceland offers a truly unforgettable backdrop for this celestial light show. The best time to see the Northern Lights in Iceland is from September to March, when the nights are long and dark.

2.Thunderstorms in the Grand Canyon, USA The Grand Canyon is one of the most iconic natural wonders in the world, known for its stunning red rock formations and vast expanses of desert landscape. However, what many people don’t know is that the Grand Canyon is also one of the best places in the world to witness incredible thunderstorms. During the summer months, the heat of the day can trigger intense thunderstorms that light up the sky with lightning and fill the canyon with the sound of thunder. Watching a thunderstorm roll in over the Grand Canyon is an unforgettable experience, as the lightning illuminates the red rock walls and the thunder echoes through the vast expanse of the canyon.

3.Rainbows in Hawaii, USA Hawaii is known for its stunning beaches, lush landscapes, and incredible natural beauty. However, one of the most spectacular weather phenomena that can be witnessed in Hawaii is the appearance of vibrant rainbows. Due to the island’s unique geography and climate, rainbows are a common sight in Hawaii, often appearing after a brief rain shower. The best place to see rainbows in Hawaii is on the island of Kauai, known as the “Garden Isle” for its lush landscapes and incredible natural beauty. Whether you’re hiking through the island’s stunning valleys or simply relaxing on the beach, keep an eye out for these incredible natural wonders.

4.Monsoon Season in India India is a country of incredible diversity, with a wide range of landscapes and cultures that make it a truly unique destination. However, one of the most spectacular weather phenomena that can be witnessed in India is the annual monsoon season. From June to September, the country is drenched in heavy rains that transform the landscape into a lush, green paradise. The best place to experience the monsoon season in India is in the state of Kerala, known for its stunning backwaters and incredible natural beauty. Watching the rain pour down over the lush landscapes of Kerala is an unforgettable experience, as the sound of the rain mixes with the calls of exotic birds and the scent of spices in the air.

6.Tornado Alley in the USA Tornado Alley is a region in the central United States that is known for its high frequency of tornadoes. While tornadoes can be incredibly dangerous and destructive, they are also a fascinating and awe-inspiring weather phenomenon to witness. The best place to see tornadoes in Tornado Alley is in the state of Oklahoma, where the flat, open landscapes provide the perfect conditions for these incredible storms to form. While it is never safe to chase tornadoes, there are many tour companies that offer guided tours of Tornado Alley, allowing visitors to witness these incredible storms from a safe distance.

7.Sahara Desert Dust Storms in Morocco The Sahara Desert is one of the most iconic landscapes in the world, known for its vast expanses of sand and incredible natural beauty. However, one of the most spectacular weather phenomena that can be witnessed in the Sahara Desert is the appearance of dust storms. These incredible storms can reach heights of up to 10,000 feet and can travel for hundreds of miles, blanketing the landscape in a haze of red dust. The best place to witness Sahara Desert dust storms is in the country of Morocco, where the stunning landscapes of the Sahara Desert meet the rugged coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. Watching a dust storm roll in over the desert is an unforgettable experience, as the red haze of the storm mixes with the golden light of the setting sun.

8.Midnight Sun in Norway The Midnight Sun is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the Arctic and Antarctic regions during the summer months, when the sun remains visible in the sky for 24 hours a day. While this phenomenon can be witnessed in many places around the world, one of the most beautiful destinations to experience the Midnight Sun is in the country of Norway. With its stunning fjords, rugged coastline, and incredible natural beauty, Norway offers a truly unforgettable backdrop for this incredible weather event. The best time to witness the Midnight Sun in Norway is from May to July, when the sun never sets below the horizon.

9.Morning Glory Clouds in Australia Morning Glory clouds are a rare and incredible weather phenomenon that can only be witnessed in a few places around the world. These long, tubular clouds can stretch for hundreds of miles and are often accompanied by strong winds and turbulence. The best place to witness Morning Glory clouds is in the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia, where they typically appear during the months of September and October. Watching these incredible clouds roll in over the stunning landscapes of northern Australia is an unforgettable experience, as the tubular clouds stretch out across the horizon like a celestial highway.

10. Yosemite Firefall in California, USA The Yosemite Firefall is a rare and incredible weather phenomenon that occurs in Yosemite National Park in California. During the last two weeks of February, the setting sun illuminates the Horsetail Fall waterfall, creating the illusion of a glowing, fiery cascade. This incredible phenomenon only occurs when the conditions are just right, with clear skies and the sun at the perfect angle. Watching the Yosemite Firefall is an unforgettable experience, as the stunning landscapes of Yosemite National Park are transformed into a glowing, otherworldly paradise.

11. Naga Fireballs in Thailand The Naga Fireballs are a mysterious and incredible weather phenomenon that occurs along the Mekong River in Thailand and Laos. During the full moon in October, thousands of glowing orbs rise from the river and float into the night sky, creating an incredible display of light and color. While the exact cause of this phenomenon is still unknown, it is believed to be related to the release of methane gas from the river. Watching the Naga Fireballs rise from the Mekong River is an unforgettable experience, as the stunning landscapes of Southeast Asia are transformed into a glowing, mystical wonderland.

The Earth’s atmosphere is a complex and dynamic system that can produce some of the most awe-inspiring and rare weather phenomena. From mesmerizing light shows to terrifying natural disasters, these events are so extraordinary that most people will only witness them once in their lifetime, if at all. In this article, we will explore ten of the most incredible and rare weather phenomena that have left even the most experienced meteorologists in awe.

1. Fire Rainbows
   Fire rainbows, also known as circumhorizontal arcs, are a rare and breathtaking optical phenomenon that occurs when the sun is higher than 58° above the horizon. This creates a halo-like effect that appears to be a rainbow on fire, with colors ranging from red to violet. The conditions necessary for fire rainbows to form are incredibly specific, requiring cirrus clouds that are made up of plate-shaped ice crystals. These crystals act as prisms, refracting the sunlight and creating the illusion of a burning rainbow in the sky. Fire rainbows are most commonly seen in the summer months and are a true spectacle to behold.
2. Bioluminescent Waves
   Imagine walking along a beach at night and suddenly seeing the waves glowing a brilliant blue. This incredible phenomenon is known as bioluminescent waves and is caused by tiny marine microbes called dinoflagellates. When these microbes are disturbed by the movement of the waves, they emit a bright blue light as a defense mechanism. Bioluminescent waves are most commonly seen in warm, tropical waters and are truly a sight to behold. Witnessing this phenomenon is a once-in-a-lifetime experience that will leave you in awe of the natural world.
3. Mammatus Clouds
   Mammatus clouds are a rare and unusual type of cloud formation that look like pouches or udders hanging from the underside of a thunderstorm cloud. These clouds are formed when cold air sinks into warmer air, creating a series of bulges and pouches. Mammatus clouds are often associated with severe thunderstorms and can be a sign of impending hail or tornadoes. While they may look ominous, mammatus clouds are a fascinating and rare sight that most people will only witness once in their lifetime.
4. Volcanic Lightning
   Volcanic lightning is one of the most awe-inspiring and terrifying weather phenomena on Earth. This rare event occurs when a volcano erupts, sending ash and other particles into the atmosphere. As these particles collide with each other, they create an electrical charge that can result in lightning strikes within the volcanic plume. Volcanic lightning is incredibly dangerous and can reach temperatures of up to 30,000°C (54,000°F). Witnessing this phenomenon is a once-in-a-lifetime experience that requires being in the right place at the right time.
5. Penitentes
   Penitentes are a rare and eerie snow formation that can be found in high-altitude regions of the Andes Mountains. These tall, thin spires of hardened snow can reach heights of up to 4 meters (13 feet) and are formed by a combination of strong winds, dry air, and intense sunlight. As the sun melts the snow, the wind carves it into strange, towering shapes that resemble hooded monks. Penitentes are named after the pointed hoods worn by penitent monks during Easter processions and are a true wonder of the natural world.
6. Moeraki Boulders
   The Moeraki Boulders are a collection of large, spherical boulders that can be found along the Otago coast of New Zealand. These boulders are made of mud, fine silt, and clay, and are believed to have formed around 60 million years ago. Over time, the boulders were exposed by erosion and have become a popular tourist attraction. What makes the Moeraki Boulders truly unique is their almost perfectly spherical shape and the intricate patterns on their surface that resemble turtle shells. Seeing these boulders in person is a once-in-a-lifetime experience that will leave you in awe of the power of nature.
7. Waterspouts
   Waterspouts are a type of tornado that forms over water and can be just as dangerous as their land-based counterparts. These swirling vortexes of water and air are most commonly seen in tropical and subtropical waters and can reach heights of up to 100 meters (330 feet). Waterspouts are formed when a column of rotating air comes into contact with a body of water, creating a funnel-shaped cloud that can suck up water and debris. Witnessing a waterspout is a rare and unforgettable experience that requires being in the right place at the right time.
8. Nacreous Clouds
   Nacreous clouds, also known as mother-of-pearl clouds, are a rare and beautiful type of cloud that can only be seen in polar regions during the winter months. These clouds form in the lower stratosphere at altitudes of around 20 kilometers (12 miles) and are made up of tiny ice crystals. What makes nacreous clouds so special is their iridescent appearance, which is caused by the way the ice crystals refract and reflect sunlight. Nacreous clouds are a true wonder of the natural world and are a sight that most people will only witness once in their lifetime.
9. Catatumbo Lightning
   Catatumbo lightning is a unique and persistent lightning storm that occurs over the mouth of the Catatumbo River in Venezuela. This lightning storm is so consistent that it has been named the “Eternal Storm” and can produce up to 28 lightning strikes per minute. The exact cause of Catatumbo lightning is still unknown, but it is believed to be related to the unique topography and wind patterns in the area. Witnessing this incredible lightning storm is a once-in-a-lifetime experience that will leave you in awe of the raw power of nature.
10. Fallstreak Holes
    Fallstreak holes, also known as hole-punch clouds, are a rare and fascinating cloud formation that looks like a circular hole in the sky. These holes are formed when the water droplets in a cloud layer freeze into ice crystals and begin to fall, leaving a circular gap in the cloud cover. As the ice crystals fall, they often create a streamer of wispy clouds that can resemble a jellyfish or a UFO. Fallstreak holes are most commonly seen in mid-level clouds and are a true wonder of the natural world.

While the ten weather phenomena mentioned above are some of the most incredible and rare, there are countless other weather events that are just as awe-inspiring. Here are three runner-up weather phenomena that deserve an honorable mention:

1. Lenticular Clouds Lenticular clouds are a type of stationary cloud that forms when moist air flows over a mountain or other obstacle. These clouds are often mistaken for UFOs due to their smooth, saucer-like shape and their ability to remain stationary in the sky. Lenticular clouds are most commonly seen near mountain ranges and are a favorite among photographers and cloud enthusiasts. While they may not be as rare as some of the other phenomena on this list, lenticular clouds are still a sight to behold and are sure to leave a lasting impression on anyone who witnesses them.
2. Sun Halos Sun halos are a beautiful and ethereal optical phenomenon that occurs when sunlight is refracted by ice crystals in the atmosphere. These halos appear as a circular rainbow around the sun and can sometimes be accompanied by sun dogs, which are bright spots on either side of the halo. Sun halos are most commonly seen in cold, polar regions where ice crystals are abundant in the atmosphere. While they may not be as rare as some of the other phenomena on this list, sun halos are still a breathtaking sight that is sure to leave a lasting impression on anyone who witnesses them.
3. Noctilucent Clouds Noctilucent clouds are a rare and mysterious type of cloud that can only be seen during the summer months in polar regions. These clouds form at incredibly high altitudes of around 80 kilometers (50 miles) and are made up of tiny ice crystals that reflect sunlight long after the sun has set. Noctilucent clouds are often described as having a bright, electric blue color and can be seen glowing in the night sky. While the exact cause of these clouds is still unknown, they are believed to be related to changes in the Earth’s atmosphere and climate. Witnessing noctilucent clouds is a truly unforgettable experience that is sure to leave a lasting impression on anyone who is lucky enough to see them.

When it comes to choosing a place to live, climate and weather conditions are important factors to consider. The right climate can provide comfort, enjoyment, and even health benefits, while the wrong climate can lead to discomfort, inconvenience, and potential health risks. In this article, we’ll explore some of the best and worst places to live based on their climate and weather conditions.

Best Places to Live

San Diego, California San Diego is often considered one of the best places to live in the United States, thanks in large part to its near-perfect weather. With an average temperature of 70°F (21°C) and minimal rainfall, San Diego enjoys a Mediterranean climate that is comfortable year-round. The city experiences an average of 266 sunny days per year, making it an ideal location for outdoor activities like hiking, surfing, and golfing. Additionally, the low humidity levels in San Diego make it a great place for people with respiratory issues.

Honolulu, Hawaii Honolulu, the capital city of Hawaii, is another top contender for best weather in the United States. With an average temperature of 80°F (27°C) and consistent trade winds, Honolulu enjoys a tropical climate that is warm and pleasant throughout the year. The city experiences an average of 90 rainy days per year, but most of the rainfall occurs in the winter months and is brief and light. Honolulu’s climate is perfect for beach-goers, as the water temperature rarely drops below 75°F (24°C).

Malaga, Spain Moving across the globe, Malaga is a city on the southern coast of Spain that boasts an ideal climate for those who enjoy warm, sunny weather. With an average temperature of 69°F (20°C) and over 300 days of sunshine per year, Malaga is a popular destination for tourists and expats alike. The city’s location on the Mediterranean Sea moderates its temperature, preventing it from getting too hot in the summer or too cold in the winter. Malaga’s climate is perfect for outdoor activities like hiking, cycling, and swimming.

Medellin, Colombia Medellin, the second-largest city in Colombia, has been dubbed the “City of Eternal Spring” due to its pleasant weather year-round. With an average temperature of 72°F (22°C) and minimal temperature fluctuations throughout the year, Medellin’s climate is comfortable and consistent. The city experiences a rainy season from April to November, but the rain is usually brief and occurs in the afternoon or evening. Medellin’s climate is ideal for outdoor activities like hiking, paragliding, and exploring the city’s many parks and green spaces.

Kunming, China Kunming, the capital city of China’s Yunnan Province, is known as the “Spring City” due to its mild climate and year-round greenery. With an average temperature of 59°F (15°C) and low humidity levels, Kunming’s climate is comfortable and pleasant. The city experiences a rainy season from May to October, but the rainfall is usually light and occurs in the afternoon or evening. Kunming’s climate is perfect for outdoor activities like hiking, cycling, and exploring the city’s many parks and gardens.

Worst Places to Live

Yakutsk, Russia Yakutsk, located in the Russian Far East, is the coldest city in the world, with temperatures regularly dropping below -40°F (-40°C) in the winter months. The city’s average annual temperature is just 16°F (-9°C), and it experiences over 200 days of sub-zero temperatures each year. In addition to the extreme cold, Yakutsk also experiences heavy snowfall and limited daylight hours during the winter months. Living in Yakutsk requires special adaptations, such as wearing multiple layers of clothing and using specialized vehicles that can operate in extreme cold.

Mecca, Saudi Arabia On the opposite end of the spectrum, Mecca, located in the desert region of Saudi Arabia, is one of the hottest places on Earth. With summer temperatures regularly exceeding 110°F (43°C) and minimal rainfall throughout the year, Mecca’s climate is extremely hot and dry. The city’s location in a valley surrounded by mountains traps heat and makes it even more unbearable. Living in Mecca requires constant hydration, air conditioning, and limited outdoor activities during the hottest parts of the day.

Cherrapunji, India Cherrapunji, located in the northeastern state of Meghalaya in India, is one of the wettest places on Earth. The city receives an average of 463 inches (11,777 mm) of rainfall per year, with most of it occurring during the monsoon season from June to September. The heavy rainfall can lead to landslides, flooding, and damage to infrastructure. Living in Cherrapunji requires adaptations such as raised houses, covered walkways, and a reliance on rain harvesting for water supply.

Tornado Alley, United States Tornado Alley is a region in the central United States that is prone to frequent and severe tornadoes. The area includes parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota, among others. Tornadoes can occur at any time of year but are most common in the spring and summer months. Living in Tornado Alley requires constant vigilance and preparation, including having a designated storm shelter and an emergency plan in place.

Dhaka, Bangladesh Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is one of the most polluted cities in the world, with air quality levels that regularly exceed World Health Organization guidelines. The city’s rapid industrialization and population growth have led to high levels of air pollution from sources such as vehicle emissions, brick kilns, and waste burning. Living in Dhaka can lead to respiratory issues, cardiovascular disease, and other health problems associated with air pollution.

Factors to Consider When evaluating the best and worst places to live based on climate and weather conditions, there are several factors to consider:

Temperature: Consider the average temperature range throughout the year, as well as the frequency and severity of extreme temperatures.

Precipitation: Look at the average amount and distribution of rainfall or snowfall throughout the year, as well as the potential for extreme weather events like hurricanes or monsoons.

Humidity: High humidity levels can make hot temperatures feel even more oppressive, while low humidity can lead to dry skin and respiratory issues.

Air Quality: Poor air quality due to pollution or natural factors like dust or pollen can have negative impacts on health and quality of life.

Natural Disasters: Some areas are more prone to natural disasters like earthquakes, wildfires, or tsunamis, which can pose significant risks to life and property.

Seasonal Changes: Consider the length and severity of different seasons, as well as the potential for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in areas with limited daylight hours during the winter.

Outdoor Activities: Think about the types of outdoor activities that are important to you and whether the climate and weather conditions in a particular location will allow you to enjoy them year-round.

The Earth’s weather can be both fascinating and terrifying, with extreme conditions that push the boundaries of our imagination. From scorching heat to bone-chilling cold, here are 10 insane weather records that you won’t believe are real.

1. Highest Temperature: 56.7°C (134°F) – Death Valley, California, USA
   On July 10, 1913, the Furnace Creek Ranch in Death Valley recorded a blistering temperature of 56.7°C (134°F), which remains the highest officially recorded temperature on Earth. This record has been the subject of some debate, but it still stands as the hottest temperature ever measured.
2. Lowest Temperature: -89.2°C (-128.6°F) – Vostok Station, Antarctica
   On July 21, 1983, the Vostok Station in Antarctica recorded an astonishing temperature of -89.2°C (-128.6°F), making it the coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth. This record was measured using ground-based thermometers and has been verified by satellite data.
3. Highest Rainfall in One Minute: 38 mm (1.5 inches) – Barot, Guadeloupe
   On November 26, 1970, the town of Barot in Guadeloupe experienced an incredible 38 mm (1.5 inches) of rainfall in just one minute. This record-breaking downpour is the result of the town’s unique topography and its location in the path of frequent tropical storms.
4. Highest Rainfall in 24 Hours: 1,825 mm (71.8 inches) – Foc-Foc, La Réunion
   From January 7-8, 1966, the village of Foc-Foc on the island of La Réunion was drenched with an astounding 1,825 mm (71.8 inches) of rainfall in just 24 hours. This record-shattering event was caused by the island’s steep topography and its location in the path of powerful tropical cyclones.
5. Longest Lightning Bolt: 768 km (477 miles) – Oklahoma to Mississippi, USA
   On April 29, 2020, a lightning bolt stretched an incredible 768 km (477 miles) from southeast Oklahoma to southwest Mississippi in the United States. This record-breaking lightning bolt was detected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Geostationary Lightning Mapper and confirmed by the World Meteorological Organization.
6. Largest Hailstone: 20.3 cm (8 inches) in diameter – Vivian, South Dakota, USA
   On July 23, 2010, a massive hailstone measuring 20.3 cm (8 inches) in diameter and weighing 0.88 kg (1.94 pounds) fell in Vivian, South Dakota. This record-breaking hailstone had a circumference of 47.6 cm (18.75 inches) and is the largest officially recorded hailstone in terms of diameter and weight.
7. Highest Wind Speed: 408 km/h (253 mph) – Barrow Island, Australia
   On April 10, 1996, during Tropical Cyclone Olivia, an unmanned weather station on Barrow Island off the coast of Western Australia recorded a gust of wind at 408 km/h (253 mph). This is the highest wind speed ever recorded on Earth, although the measurement is somewhat controversial due to the equipment used.
8. Longest Dry Period: 173 months – Arica, Chile
   The city of Arica in northern Chile holds the record for the longest dry period, with no measurable rainfall from October 1903 to January 1918—a total of 173 months (over 14 years). This extreme dry spell is a result of Arica’s location in the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on Earth.
9. Highest Atmospheric Pressure: 1,085.7 hPa (32.06 inHg) – Tosontsengel, Mongolia
   On December 19, 2001, the weather station in Tosontsengel, Mongolia, recorded an atmospheric pressure of 1,085.7 hPa (32.06 inHg). This is the highest atmospheric pressure ever recorded at sea level, and it occurred during a period of intense cold in the region.
10. Lowest Atmospheric Pressure: 870 hPa (25.69 inHg) – Typhoon Tip, Pacific Ocean
    On October 12, 1979, during the peak intensity of Typhoon Tip in the western Pacific Ocean, a reconnaissance aircraft measured a record-low atmospheric pressure of 870 hPa (25.69 inHg) at sea level. Typhoon Tip is also the largest tropical cyclone on record, with a diameter of approximately 2,220 km (1,380 miles).

These insane weather records showcase the incredible power and variability of Earth’s atmosphere, reminding us of the awe-inspiring forces of nature that shape our planet.

La Niña, a complex weather phenomenon, has a significant impact on the climate and weather patterns across the United States. This naturally occurring event is characterized by the cooling of the surface waters in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, which alters atmospheric circulation and influences temperature and precipitation patterns worldwide.

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), during a La Niña event, the jet stream tends to shift northward, causing changes in the distribution of temperature and precipitation across the country. This shift often results in below-average temperatures and above-average precipitation in the northern parts of the United States, while the southern states experience warmer and drier conditions.

The Pacific Northwest and the northern Rockies are particularly affected by La Niña. These regions often experience colder temperatures and increased snowfall during the winter months. In fact, the NOAA Climate Prediction Center’s data suggests that during a La Niña winter, the chances of above-average snowfall in the Cascades and the northern Rockies can increase by as much as 40%.

On the other hand, the southern states, particularly the Southwest and the Gulf Coast, tend to experience warmer and drier conditions during a La Niña event. This can lead to an increased risk of drought and wildfires in these regions. In the winter of 2020-2021, which was influenced by a moderate La Niña, the U.S. Drought Monitor reported that over 40% of the contiguous United States experienced some level of drought, with the most severe conditions in the Southwest and the Great Plains.

La Niña’s impact on the Atlantic hurricane season is also noteworthy. During a La Niña year, the atmospheric conditions in the Atlantic basin become more conducive to hurricane formation. Reduced wind shear and increased atmospheric instability allow tropical storms to develop and intensify more easily. The NOAA reported that the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, which coincided with a La Niña event, was the most active on record, with 30 named storms, 13 of which became hurricanes.

1. La Niña 2010-2011: This was a strong La Niña event. Its impacts included increased rainfall in the western Pacific, leading to floods in Australia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Conversely, it brought drought conditions to parts of Africa and South America.
2. La Niña 2011-2012: Following the previous event, this one was weaker but still brought heavy rainfall to parts of Australia, contributing to flooding in Queensland. It also influenced weather patterns in the Americas, affecting rainfall in regions such as the southern United States.
3. La Niña 2016-2017: This was another strong La Niña episode. It caused wetter-than-average conditions in parts of Southeast Asia and Australia, contributing to flooding. It also influenced global temperature patterns, with cooler-than-average temperatures in some regions.
4. La Niña 2020-2021: This event began in late 2020 and continued into early 2021. It contributed to above-average rainfall in parts of Southeast Asia, leading to flooding in Indonesia and the Philippines. It also influenced weather patterns in the Americas, affecting precipitation in regions such as the southwestern United States and South America.

1. La Niña 2007-2008: This was a moderate La Niña event. It caused above-average rainfall in parts of Southeast Asia, leading to flooding in Indonesia and Malaysia. Australia also experienced wetter-than-average conditions during this period.
2. La Niña 2017-2018: Following the 2016-2017 La Niña event, this one was weaker but still had notable impacts. It influenced weather patterns in various regions, including increased rainfall in parts of South America, contributing to flooding in Peru and Colombia.
3. La Niña 2021-2022: This event began in late 2021 and continued into 2022. It brought above-average rainfall to parts of Southeast Asia, contributing to flooding in Indonesia and Malaysia. Australia also experienced wetter conditions during this period.
4. La Niña 2022-2023: This event occurred in the latter part of 2022 and extended into 2023. It had varying impacts globally, with some regions experiencing above-average rainfall and others facing drier conditions. For example, parts of South America and the southern United States saw increased precipitation, while parts of Africa and the Middle East experienced drier-than-average conditions.