Tornadoes are one of the most destructive and fascinating weather phenomena on Earth. These rapidly rotating columns of air can cause significant damage and pose a serious threat to life and property. While most people are familiar with the concept of a single tornado, the question of whether two tornadoes can exist simultaneously is a topic of interest for meteorologists and weather enthusiasts alike. In this article, we will explore the possibility of concurrent tornadoes, focusing on the processes of cyclic tornadogenesis and occluding mesocyclones.
Cyclic Tornadogenesis: Cyclic tornadogenesis is a process by which a supercell thunderstorm produces multiple tornadoes over its lifetime. This phenomenon occurs when a supercell’s mesocyclone (a rotating updraft) undergoes a series of cycles, each producing a new tornado. As the first tornado dissipates, the mesocyclone reorganizes and gives birth to a subsequent tornado. This process can repeat several times, resulting in a series of tornadoes forming from the same parent supercell.
Research has shown that cyclic tornadogenesis is more likely to occur in environments with strong wind shear and high instability. A study by Adlerman and Droegemeier (2005) used high-resolution numerical simulations to investigate the mechanisms behind cyclic mesocyclogenesis. They found that the cycling process is driven by the interaction between the rear-flank downdraft (RFD) and the updraft, which leads to the formation of a new mesocyclone and subsequent tornadogenesis.
Occluding Mesocyclones and Simultaneous Tornadoes: An occluding mesocyclone is a mesocyclone that is in the process of dissipating, often due to the ingestion of cooler, more stable air from the rear-flank downdraft. During this occlusion process, it is possible for the original tornado to still be present while a new mesocyclone and tornado are forming. This scenario can lead to the presence of two simultaneous tornadoes.
On June 16, 2014, the town of Pilger, Nebraska, experienced a rare and devastating tornado event. Two tornadoes, both rated as violent EF-4, touched down simultaneously and caused significant damage to the town. This event is a notable example of simultaneous tornadoes occurring as a result of cyclic tornadogenesis.
The Pilger tornado event was well-documented by storm chasers and researchers, providing valuable data for studying the formation and evolution of these concurrent tornadoes. Wicker et al. (2015) analyzed the event using high-resolution radar data and found evidence of cyclic mesocyclogenesis. The study revealed that the two tornadoes formed from separate mesocyclones within the same supercell thunderstorm, with the second tornado developing as the first one was weakening.
The simultaneous occurrence of the Pilger tornadoes highlights the complexity of cyclic tornadogenesis and the potential for multiple tornadoes to form within a single supercell. This event also emphasizes the importance of advanced radar technology and real-time observations in understanding and forecasting these rare and dangerous phenomena.
Multi-Vortex Tornadoes: Multi-vortex tornadoes are another fascinating aspect of tornado dynamics. These tornadoes are characterized by the presence of multiple smaller vortices rotating around a central axis. While multi-vortex tornadoes are not the same as simultaneous tornadoes, they demonstrate the complex nature of tornado structure and the potential for multiple vortices to exist within a single tornado.
Agee et al. (1977) conducted one of the earliest studies on multi-vortex tornadoes, using photographs and films to analyze the structure and evolution of these tornadoes. They found that multi-vortex tornadoes often exhibit a cyclic behavior, with vortices forming, merging, and dissipating over time. This cyclic nature of multi-vortex tornadoes is similar to the cyclic tornadogenesis process observed in supercell thunderstorms.
More recent studies, such as those by Wurman and Kosiba (2013) and Wakimoto et al. (2016), have used high-resolution mobile Doppler radar data to investigate the dynamics of multi-vortex tornadoes. These studies have revealed the complex interactions between the main vortex and the smaller subvortices, as well as the role of surface friction and debris in modulating the structure and intensity of multi-vortex tornadoes.
The presence of multiple vortices can lead to more erratic and unpredictable tornado paths, as well as localized areas of intense damage. Additionally, the cyclic nature of multi-vortex tornadoes can make it challenging to issue timely and accurate warnings, as the tornado’s intensity and structure can change rapidly.
Supercell thunderstorms are among the most awe-inspiring and powerful weather phenomena on Earth. These storms are characterized by their rotating updrafts, known as mesocyclones, which can produce severe weather conditions such as large hail, damaging winds, and even tornadoes. One of the most striking features of supercells is the occasional appearance of a green or teal color in the sky, particularly near the storm’s base. This unique coloration has fascinated both weather enthusiasts and scientists alike, prompting numerous studies to unravel the mystery behind this phenomenon.
The presence of these large water droplets is crucial to the formation of the green or teal color. Water droplets are particularly effective at absorbing red light, which is at the longer wavelength end of the visible spectrum. As sunlight enters the storm and interacts with these water droplets, a significant portion of the red light is absorbed, leaving the remaining light dominated by shorter wavelengths, which correspond to blue and green colors.
However, the absorption of red light by water droplets alone is not sufficient to explain the intense green or teal hue sometimes observed. Another critical factor is the presence of ice crystals in the upper portions of the storm, particularly in the updraft and the rear flank downdraft (RFD). The RFD is another area of descending air, located on the back side of the storm, often associated with strong winds and large hail.
Ice crystals in the upper portions of the storm can scatter the remaining blue light, further enhancing the green appearance. The combination of red light absorption by water droplets in the lower levels and blue light scattering by ice crystals in the upper levels creates the distinctive green or teal color.
The green coloration is most likely to be observed when the sun is at a low angle on the horizon, typically during the late afternoon or early evening. During this time, sunlight has to travel through more of the Earth’s atmosphere, which can further filter out red light and enhance the green appearance. Additionally, the presence of large amounts of hail in the storm can intensify the green color, as hail can also absorb and scatter light in a manner similar to water droplets and ice crystals. Most storm chasers have experienced the largest hail when storms take on green and teal colors.
It is important to note that not all supercells exhibit a green or teal color, and the absence of this coloration does not necessarily indicate a less severe storm. The appearance of the green hue depends on a delicate balance of factors, including the storm’s structure, the concentration and size of hydrometeors, and the angle of the sun.
While the green or teal color in supercells is a fascinating phenomenon, it is important to remember that it is often associated with the most severe and dangerous storms. Supercells that exhibit this coloration are likely to be producing large hail, damaging winds, and possibly even tornadoes. If you find yourself in the vicinity of a supercell with a green or teal hue, it is crucial to seek shelter immediately and follow the advice of local weather authorities.
Have you ever gazed up at the sky and witnessed a mesmerizing display of pouches or bubble-like structures hanging from the underside of a cloud? If so, you’ve had the privilege of observing one of nature’s most captivating phenomena: mammatus clouds. These distinctive formations have intrigued scientists, photographers, and cloud enthusiasts alike for centuries, and their appearance never fails to leave observers in awe.
Mammatus clouds, scientifically known as mammatocumulus, are a rare and stunning sight to behold. The term “mammatus” is derived from the Latin word “mamma,” meaning “udder” or “breast,” which aptly describes the appearance of these clouds. They are characterized by their unique pouch-like protrusions that hang down from the base of a cloud, creating a striking visual contrast against the sky.
The formation of mammatus clouds is a complex process that involves a combination of atmospheric conditions. These clouds typically occur in association with large cumulonimbus clouds, which are the towering thunderstorm clouds responsible for heavy rainfall, lightning, and even tornadoes. As the cumulonimbus cloud begins to dissipate, the sinking motion of cold air within the cloud can cause the formation of mammatus clouds.
One of the leading theories behind the formation of mammatus clouds suggests that they are the result of a process called “cloud-base detrainment.” This occurs when cold, dense air from the upper parts of the cumulonimbus cloud sinks and pushes into the warmer, more humid air below. As the cold air descends, it creates a series of lobes or pouches that protrude from the bottom of the cloud, giving rise to the distinctive mammatus appearance.
Another factor that contributes to the formation of mammatus clouds is the presence of strong wind shear. Wind shear refers to the change in wind speed or direction with height in the atmosphere. When there is a significant difference in wind speed or direction between the upper and lower levels of a cumulonimbus cloud, it can cause the cloud to become unstable and promote the development of mammatus structures.
The sight of mammatus clouds is not only visually stunning but also a testament to the incredible forces at work in Earth’s atmosphere. These clouds often appear during severe weather events, such as thunderstorms or even tornadoes, adding an element of drama and intensity to the sky. The pouches can range in size from small, grape-like structures to large, udder-like protrusions that can span several kilometers in length.
Mammatus clouds are not only a treat for the eyes but also a subject of fascination for scientists and researchers. While the exact mechanisms behind their formation are still being studied, these clouds serve as a reminder of the complex and dynamic nature of our atmosphere. They showcase the delicate interplay between temperature, humidity, and wind, resulting in a breathtaking display that captures the imagination of all who witness it.
For photographers and cloud enthusiasts, mammatus clouds present a unique opportunity to capture nature’s artistry at its finest. The contrast between the dark, ominous base of the cumulonimbus cloud and the soft, billowing pouches of the mammatus creates a striking visual composition that is both eerie and beautiful. Many photographers spend hours chasing storms and waiting patiently for the perfect moment to capture these elusive clouds in all their glory.
Beyond their aesthetic appeal, mammatus clouds also serve as an important indicator of atmospheric conditions. Their presence often signifies the potential for severe weather, such as strong winds, hail, or even tornadoes. Meteorologists and weather forecasters pay close attention to the development of mammatus clouds, as they can provide valuable insights into the stability of the atmosphere and the likelihood of extreme weather events.
Mammatus clouds are a true marvel of nature, captivating the hearts and minds of people around the world. Their unique appearance, born from the complex interplay of atmospheric conditions, serves as a reminder of the awe-inspiring beauty and power of our planet’s weather systems. Whether you are a scientist, photographer, or simply someone who appreciates the wonders of the natural world, the sight of mammatus clouds is an unforgettable experience that will leave you marveling at the incredible forces at work in the sky above us.
So the next time you find yourself gazing up at a stormy sky, keep an eye out for these mesmerizing pouches of clouds. Take a moment to appreciate the intricate dance of nature’s elements that come together to create such a spectacular display.
Radar meteorology is one of the most important tools for monitoring and predicting severe weather events. By analyzing radar data, meteorologists can identify specific features that indicate the presence of dangerous storms, such as supercell thunderstorms and tornadoes. In this article, we will discuss some of the most common radar features to look for when assessing severe weather threats.
Hook Echo: A hook echo is a distinctive radar signature that often indicates the presence of a supercell thunderstorm capable of producing tornadoes. This feature appears as a hook-shaped appendage extending from the main storm cell on the radar display. The hook shape is formed by the rotation of the storm’s updraft, which can cause rain and hail to wrap around the updraft, creating a hook-like appearance.
When a hook echo is detected, it is essential to monitor the storm closely, as it has a higher likelihood of producing a tornado. The tightness and persistence of the hook echo can provide clues about the storm’s intensity and potential for tornadogenesis. A tight, well-defined hook echo that persists for an extended period is more likely to be associated with a strong, long-lived tornado.
Bow Echo: A bow echo is a radar signature that indicates the presence of a strong, linear wind storm known as a derecho. This feature appears as a bow-shaped line of storms on the radar display, with the apex of the bow pointing in the direction of the storm’s movement. Bow echoes are often associated with widespread damaging winds, which can exceed 100 mph in extreme cases.
The formation of a bow echo is related to the development of a strong rear-inflow jet behind the main line of storms. This jet of fast-moving air descends to the surface and spreads out, causing the line of storms to bow outward. As the rear-inflow jet continues to strengthen, it can lead to the formation of embedded circulations within the line, known as mesovortices, which can produce brief, spin-up tornadoes.
Debris Ball: A debris ball, also known as a tornado debris signature (TDS), is a radar feature that indicates the presence of lofted debris associated with a tornado. This signature appears as a localized area of high reflectivity (bright colors) on the radar display, often coinciding with the location of a hook echo or other tornado-related features.
The debris ball is caused by the tornado lofting large amounts of debris, such as trees, building materials, and other objects, high into the air. When the radar beam intersects this debris, it produces a strong return signal, which appears as a bright, concentrated area on the radar display. The presence of a debris ball is a strong indication that a tornado is causing damage on the ground.
Three-Body Scatter Spike (TBSS): A three-body scatter spike is a radar signature that can indicate the presence of a large hail core within a thunderstorm. This feature appears as a narrow, linear spike of high reflectivity extending radially outward from the storm on the radar display. The TBSS is caused by the radar beam reflecting off a layer of large hailstones and then reflecting again off the ground before returning to the radar.
The presence of a TBSS suggests that the storm contains a significant amount of large hail, which can cause extensive damage to property and pose a serious risk to public safety. When a TBSS is detected, it is important to issue warnings for large hail and to advise people to seek shelter immediately.
Bounded Weak Echo Region (BWER): A bounded weak echo region is a radar feature that indicates the presence of a strong, persistent updraft within a thunderstorm. This feature appears as a localized area of low reflectivity (dark colors) surrounded by higher reflectivity values on the radar display. The BWER is caused by the strong updraft lifting precipitation particles high into the storm, creating a region of relatively low radar returns.
The presence of a BWER suggests that the storm has a powerful updraft, which can support the formation of large hail and tornadoes. When a BWER is detected, it is important to monitor the storm closely for the development of other severe weather signatures, such as hook echoes or debris balls.
Inflow Notch: An inflow notch is a radar signature that indicates the presence of strong, localized inflow into a thunderstorm. This feature appears as a small, localized area of low reflectivity (dark colors) along the leading edge of the storm on the radar display. The inflow notch is caused by the rapid inflow of warm, moist air into the storm, which can fuel the development of strong updrafts and severe weather.
The presence of an inflow notch suggests that the storm is actively ingesting warm, moist air, which can lead to rapid intensification and the formation of severe weather hazards, such as large hail, damaging winds, and tornadoes. When an inflow notch is detected, it is important to monitor the storm closely for the development of other severe weather signatures.
Rear Inflow Notch (RIN): A rear inflow notch is a radar feature that indicates the presence of strong, localized inflow into the back side of a thunderstorm. This feature appears as a small, localized area of low reflectivity (dark colors) along the rear flank of the storm on the radar display. The RIN is caused by the rapid inflow of cooler, drier air into the storm, which can help to strengthen the storm’s updraft and increase the potential for severe weather.
The presence of a RIN suggests that the storm is actively ingesting cooler, drier air on its back side, which can lead to the formation of a strong rear-flank downdraft (RFD). The RFD can help to tighten the storm’s rotation and increase the risk of tornadogenesis. When a RIN is detected, it is important to monitor the storm closely for the development of hook echoes, debris balls, and other tornado-related signatures.
Hail Spike: A hail spike is a radar signature that indicates the presence of a strong updraft capable of producing large hail. This feature appears as a narrow, vertical spike of high reflectivity extending upward from the storm on the radar display. The hail spike is caused by the strong updraft lofting large hailstones high into the storm, where they can grow even larger before falling back to the ground.
The presence of a hail spike suggests that the storm has a powerful updraft that can support the formation of large, damaging hail. When a hail spike is detected, it is important to issue warnings for large hail and to advise people to seek shelter immediately.
As the world grapples with the increasingly visible effects of climate change, one question that often arises is whether there is a link between global warming and the frequency and intensity of hurricanes. To shed light on this complex issue, we spoke with leading climate scientists and examined the latest research on the subject.
The Basics of Hurricane Formation:
Before going into the potential connection between hurricanes and climate change, it’s key to understand how these powerful storms form. Hurricanes, also known as tropical cyclones, are fueled by warm ocean waters and low wind shear. As warm, moist air rises from the ocean surface, it creates an area of low pressure, which draws in more air from surrounding areas. This process continues, causing the storm to rotate and intensify.
Rising Sea Surface Temperatures:
One of the most significant factors that climate scientists point to when discussing the potential link between hurricanes and climate change is rising sea surface temperatures. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), global ocean temperatures have increased by approximately 0.13°F (0.07°C) per decade since 1901. This trend is particularly pronounced in the tropical regions where hurricanes form.
Dr. James Kossin, a climate scientist at NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, explains, “Warmer ocean temperatures provide more energy for hurricanes to form and intensify. As the climate continues to warm, we expect to see more instances of rapidly intensifying hurricanes, which can be particularly dangerous because they give coastal communities less time to prepare.”
Increased Water Vapor in the Atmosphere:
Another factor that may contribute to the intensification of hurricanes is the increased water vapor in the atmosphere due to global warming. As the Earth’s surface temperatures rise, more water evaporates from the oceans and land, leading to higher humidity levels.
Dr. Kerry Emanuel, a professor of atmospheric science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, notes, “The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere has increased by about 7% since the 1970s, which is consistent with the expected effect of global warming. This extra moisture can fuel more intense hurricanes, as well as lead to heavier rainfall during these events.”
The Debate on Hurricane Frequency: While there is growing evidence to suggest that climate change may lead to more intense hurricanes, the question of whether global warming is causing an increase in the frequency of these storms is still a topic of debate among climate scientists.
A 2015 study published in the journal Nature Climate Change found that the frequency of global hurricane activity has remained relatively stable since the 1970s. However, the study also noted that the proportion of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes—the most intense storms on the Saffir-Simpson scale—has increased significantly during this period.
Dr. Tom Knutson, a research meteorologist at NOAA’s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, cautions, “While we have not seen a clear trend in the overall frequency of hurricanes, it’s important to recognize that even a small increase in the proportion of the most intense storms can have devastating consequences for coastal communities.”
Recent Hurricane Seasons: The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season was one of the most active on record, with 30 named storms, 13 of which reached hurricane strength. This season also saw a record-breaking 12 landfalling storms in the United States, causing billions of dollars in damage and claiming dozens of lives.
While it’s difficult to attribute any single hurricane season to climate change, Dr. Kossin points out, “The 2020 season exhibited many of the characteristics we expect to see more of in a warming world, such as rapidly intensifying storms and increased rainfall rates. It’s a reminder that we need to be prepared for more extreme hurricane seasons in the future.”
The Need for Further Research: Despite the growing body of evidence suggesting a link between climate change and hurricane intensity, climate scientists stress the need for continued research to better understand this complex relationship.
Dr. Emanuel emphasizes, “While we have made significant progress in understanding how global warming may affect hurricanes, there are still many uncertainties. We need to invest in more advanced modeling techniques and observational tools to improve our ability to predict and prepare for these storms.”
On May 8, 2017, a severe hailstorm struck the Denver metropolitan area, causing widespread damage and disrupting daily life for thousands of residents. The storm, which lasted for several hours, produced hailstones ranging in size from small pellets to golf ball-sized chunks of ice, leaving a trail of destruction in its wake. This article will provide a comprehensive overview of the event, including the storm’s timeline, the meteorological conditions that led to its formation, and the extent of the damage it caused.
The hailstorm began to develop in the early afternoon hours of May 8, as a potent upper-level disturbance moved across the Rocky Mountains and into the Denver area. This disturbance, combined with strong daytime heating and abundant low-level moisture, created an unstable atmosphere that was primed for severe thunderstorm development. By 2:30 PM MDT, the first severe thunderstorm warnings were issued for the Denver metro area, as radar indicated the presence of large hail and strong winds within the developing storms.
As the afternoon progressed, the thunderstorms continued to intensify and expand in coverage. By 3:00 PM MDT, large hail was being reported across much of the Denver area, with some locations experiencing hailstones up to 2.5 inches in diameter. The largest hail was reported in the western and southern suburbs of Denver, including Lakewood, Littleton, and Highlands Ranch. In these areas, the hail was large enough to cause significant damage to vehicles, roofs, and landscaping.
The hailstorm reached its peak intensity between 3:30 PM and 4:30 PM MDT, as multiple severe thunderstorms merged into a large, slow-moving complex over the Denver metro area. During this time, the National Weather Service issued a rare “Flash Flood Emergency” for the city of Denver and its surrounding suburbs, as the combination of heavy rain and melting hail created dangerous flooding conditions on many roads and highways. The flooding was particularly severe in the southern and eastern portions of the metro area, where some locations received up to 3 inches of rain in less than an hour.
As the storm system slowly moved off to the east, the hail and heavy rain began to subside, but not before leaving a significant amount of damage in its wake. According to insurance industry estimates, the May 8 hailstorm caused more than $2.3 billion in damage, making it the costliest hailstorm in Colorado history. The majority of the damage was to vehicles, with more than 150,000 auto insurance claims filed in the wake of the storm. Many homes and businesses also suffered damage to roofs, siding, and windows, with some buildings experiencing complete roof failures due to the weight of the accumulated hail.
In the days following the storm, cleanup and repair efforts began in earnest across the Denver area. Insurance companies set up mobile claims centers to process the large volume of auto and property damage claims, while roofing and construction companies worked around the clock to repair damaged buildings. The City of Denver also launched a major cleanup effort to remove debris from streets and public spaces, with crews working 12-hour shifts to clear the affected areas.
From a meteorological perspective, the May 8 hailstorm was a classic example of a severe thunderstorm event in the High Plains region of the United States. The combination of strong upper-level winds, abundant low-level moisture, and intense daytime heating created an environment that was highly conducive to the development of large hail and damaging winds. The slow-moving nature of the storm system also allowed for a prolonged period of hail accumulation, which contributed to the extensive damage that occurred.
One of the unique aspects of the May 8 storm was the size and density of the hailstones that fell. According to the National Weather Service, the largest hailstone reported during the storm had a diameter of 2.75 inches, which is roughly the size of a baseball. However, many of the hailstones that fell were much smaller in size but incredibly dense, with some reports describing the hail as feeling like “small rocks” when they hit the ground. This high density of the hailstones likely contributed to the extensive damage that occurred to vehicles and roofs, as the impact of the hail was more severe than what would typically be expected from hailstones of a similar size.
Storm chasing and tornado-themed movies and TV series have captivated audiences for decades, offering a thrilling glimpse into the world of extreme weather and the brave individuals who pursue it. These productions often blend scientific accuracy with dramatic storytelling, creating compelling narratives that keep viewers on the edge of their seats. In this article, we’ll explore some of the best storm chasing and tornado movies and TV series that have left a lasting impact on the genre.
1.”Twister” (1996) – Directed by Jan de Bont and starring Helen Hunt and Bill Paxton, “Twister” is arguably the most iconic storm chasing movie of all time. The film follows a group of storm chasers as they pursue a series of powerful tornadoes across Oklahoma, all while navigating personal relationships and the challenges of their dangerous profession. “Twister” features groundbreaking special effects for its time, and its depiction of storm chasing has inspired countless aspiring meteorologists and storm chasers.
2. “Into the Storm” (2014) – This found-footage style movie follows a group of storm chasers and a high school documentary crew as they encounter a series of devastating tornadoes in the town of Silverton, Oklahoma. “Into the Storm” showcases impressive visual effects and intense action sequences, immersing viewers in the heart of the storm. While the film takes some creative liberties with its portrayal of tornadoes, it still manages to capture the awe-inspiring power and destructive potential of these natural phenomena.
3. “Storm Chasers” (2007-2012) – This Discovery Channel documentary series follows several teams of storm chasers as they pursue tornadoes across the United States. “Storm Chasers” offers a realistic and educational look at the science behind severe weather, as well as the challenges and risks faced by those who study it. The series features renowned storm chasers such as Reed Timmer, Tim Samaras, and Sean Casey, and their cutting-edge research vehicles, including the TIV (Tornado Intercept Vehicle) and the SRV (Dominator).
4. “Tornado Alley” (2011) – Directed by Sean Casey, “Tornado Alley” is a documentary film that chronicles the adventures of storm chasers as they attempt to capture footage of tornadoes using the TIV. The film features stunning footage of tornadoes and severe weather, as well as insights into the lives and motivations of storm chasers. “Tornado Alley” also explores the science behind tornadoes and the importance of research in improving our understanding and prediction of these powerful storms.
5. “Night of the Twisters” (1996) – Based on the novel by Ivy Ruckman, “Night of the Twisters” is a made-for-TV movie that tells the story of a family’s struggle to survive a devastating tornado outbreak in Nebraska. “Night of the Twisters” also explores the psychological impact of severe weather events on individuals and communities.
6. “Tornado!” (1996) – Another made-for-TV movie, “Tornado!” follows a storm chaser and a meteorologist as they attempt to warn a small Texas town of an impending tornado. The film features impressive special effects for its time and offers a suspenseful look at the challenges of predicting and responding to severe weather events.
7. “Storm Riders” (2015) – This short-lived TV series follows a group of storm chasers as they pursue tornadoes across the United States. “Storm Riders” offers a behind-the-scenes look at the lives of storm chasers, including the challenges they face both in the field and in their personal lives. The series features stunning footage of tornadoes and severe weather, as well as insights into the science and technology used to study these phenomena.
8. “Tornado Chasers” (2012) – This National Geographic documentary follows a team of researchers and storm chasers led by meteorologist Reed Timmer as they attempt to collect data from inside a tornado using their custom-built armored vehicle, the Dominator 2. The documentary offers a fascinating look at the cutting-edge technology and innovative strategies used by storm chasers to study these powerful storms up close.
9. “Tornado Intercept” (2005) – Produced by the Discovery Channel, “Tornado Intercept” is a thrilling documentary that follows a team of storm chasers as they pursue tornadoes across the Great Plains. The film features stunning footage of tornadoes and severe weather, as well as insights into the science behind these phenomena and the challenges faced by those who study them.
10. “The Tornado Chasers” (2013) – This BBC documentary series follows a group of storm chasers and meteorologists as they attempt to unravel the mysteries of tornadoes and improve our ability to predict and respond to these devastating storms. “The Tornado Chasers” offers a global perspective on storm chasing.
Classics:
1.”The Wizard of Oz” (1939) – This iconic film features one of the most memorable tornado scenes in cinema history. The movie follows Dorothy Gale as she is transported to the magical land of Oz by a powerful tornado. The tornado scene, with its impressive special effects for the time, has become a classic moment in film history and has inspired countless references and parodies in popular culture.
2. “Cyclone” (1978) – This made-for-TV movie follows a group of people in a small Midwestern town as they struggle to survive a devastating tornado. “Cyclone” was one of the earliest films to focus specifically on tornadoes and their impact on communities. The movie features impressive special effects for its time and offers a suspenseful look at the challenges of predicting and responding to severe weather events.
Hail No is an app designed for anyone who needs to know of an approaching hail storm, this could be a car dealership, people who are traveling, motorcyclists, meteorologists, storm chasers. When you first download the app you select your location and the hail size and how long of a lead time you want a warning for. For instance, if you are concerned about damage to your vehicle, you could select 1.5″ hail as a threshold and 30 miles as your warning radius, which is plenty of time to move your truck.
An alert will be sent as a push notification, so there is no need to have the app opened. When you open the app you will see a map with your selected location, your radius and colors denoting the hail size and a legend. This hail map is produced with the latest NSSL algorithm for hail size estimation and updated ever 3-4 minutes.
Real-time storm reports from multiple feeds will display on the map you can click on these for more information.
Hail No PRO subscribers have access to defense mode. Let’s say you are going on the move, traveling across country – just hit Defense Mode and Hail No will monitor your location for the next 24 hours. If you happen to be driving and a hail storm is detected you’ll get an immediate alert!
Another feature of Hail No is for people who want to see the hail tracks for the last 24 hours, just hit 24HR Hail and it will display the full map of the last 24 hours.
Hurricane Mythbusters: Taping Windows Does NOT Save You
As hurricane season approaches, preparation becomes paramount for those living in vulnerable coastal regions. Amidst the flurry of activity – securing outdoor furniture, stocking up on supplies, and reviewing evacuation plans – a persistent myth continues to circulate: taping windows prevents them from shattering during a hurricane. This well-intentioned practice, however, offers a false sense of security and does little to protect your home from the destructive forces of hurricane-force winds.
The Science Behind Shattering Windows:
Understanding why taping windows is ineffective requires a basic understanding of how hurricane winds impact structures. During a hurricane, intense wind gusts exert immense pressure on the exterior of a building, including windows and doors. When wind speeds reach extreme levels, the pressure differential between the inside and outside of a building can become significant. This pressure difference, rather than the direct force of the wind itself, is often the primary cause of window failure.
Why Tape Fails the Test:
Taping windows, while seemingly logical, does not address the underlying issue of pressure differential. The tape may hold shattered glass fragments together momentarily, but it does little to prevent the initial breakage or the forceful intrusion of wind and debris into the building. Once a window fails, the sudden influx of wind can create a build-up of internal pressure, potentially leading to catastrophic structural damage, including roof failure.
Effective Alternatives for Window Protection:
Instead of relying on the ineffective practice of taping windows, consider these proven methods for enhancing window protection during a hurricane:
Hurricane Shutters: Permanent or removable hurricane shutters offer the most robust protection for windows. These shutters are typically made of aluminum or steel and are designed to withstand extreme wind pressures and flying debris.
Impact-Resistant Windows: Investing in impact resistant windows provides a permanent solution for enhanced window protection. These windows are constructed with laminated glass and reinforced frames, significantly reducing the risk of breakage during a storm.
Plywood: While not as aesthetically pleasing or convenient as shutters or impact-resistant windows, properly installed plywood can offer a temporary and more affordable alternative. Ensure the plywood is cut to fit each window and securely anchored to the window frame.
Dispelling the Myth, Promoting Safety:
The myth of taping windows as an effective hurricane protection measure persists due to a combination of misinformation and a desire for simple solutions. However, understanding the science behind window failure and the limitations of tape is crucial for making informed decisions about hurricane preparedness
Hurricane Mythbusters: Opening Windows Doesn’t Protect Your Roof
Amidst the flurry of preparations during hurricane season, a common misconception often emerges: opening windows helps equalize pressure and prevents roof damage during a storm. This seemingly logical notion, however, is a dangerous myth that can actually worsen the situation and put your home at greater risk.
Understanding Pressure Dynamics:
To grasp why opening windows is counterproductive, it’s crucial to understand the basic principles of pressure dynamics during a hurricane. As hurricane-force winds batter a building, they create a zone of low pressure outside. If the building is relatively airtight, with windows and doors closed, the pressure inside remains higher. This pressure differential, while still posing a threat to windows and doors, helps to maintain the structural integrity of the roof.
The Perils of Open Windows:
Opening windows during a hurricane disrupts this pressure balance. Instead of equalizing pressure, it allows the strong winds to enter the building, creating a buildup of internal pressure that pushes upwards on the roof. This internal pressure, combined with the external wind forces, can significantly increase the risk of roof uplift and structural failure.
Wind Tunnel Effect and Debris Hazards:
Beyond the pressure concerns, opening windows creates a wind tunnel effect, allowing wind and debris to enter the building with greater force. This can turn everyday objects into dangerous projectiles, causing significant damage to the interior of your home and posing a serious threat to anyone inside.
Focus on Proper Roof Protection:
Instead of resorting to the myth of opening windows, focus on proactive measures to protect your roof during a hurricane:
Roof Inspections and Maintenance: Regularly inspect your roof for any loose shingles, damaged flashing, or other vulnerabilities. Address any issues promptly to ensure your roof is in optimal condition to withstand a storm.
Hurricane Straps and Reinforcements: Consider reinforcing your roof structure with hurricane straps or clips. These metal connectors help to secure the roof to the walls of your home, increasing its resistance to uplift forces.
Impact-Resistant Roofing Materials: If you live in a hurricane-prone area, consider investing in impact-resistant roofing materials, such as metal or asphalt shingles specifically designed to withstand high winds and flying debris.
Hurricane Mythbusters: Storm Surge is More Than Just a Big Wave
When hurricanes threaten coastal communities, the term “storm surge” frequently arises, often accompanied by misconceptions about its nature and dangers. One common myth portrays storm surge as simply a large wave crashing onto the shore. However, the reality of storm surge is far more complex and menacing, posing a significant threat to life and property.
Understanding the Mechanics of Storm Surge:
Storm surge is not a singular wave but rather an abnormal rise of water generated by a storm’s winds pushing seawater towards the coast. As a hurricane approaches land, its powerful winds act like a giant fan, shoving a massive volume of ocean water towards the shoreline. This surge of water can reach heights of several feet, inundating coastal areas far beyond the reach of normal waves.
Factors Influencing Storm Surge:
Several factors influence the severity of storm surge, including:
Hurricane Intensity: Stronger hurricanes with higher wind speeds generate more powerful storm surges.
Size and Shape of the Hurricane: Larger hurricanes with a broader wind field tend to produce more extensive storm surge.
Angle of Approach: The angle at which a hurricane approaches the coast influences the direction and height of the surge.
Coastal Topography: The shape and slope of the coastline play a crucial role in determining the extent of inundation. Low-lying areas and shallow coastal waters are particularly vulnerable to significant storm surge.
The Destructive Power of Storm Surge:
Storm surge is often the most destructive and deadly aspect of a hurricane. The forceful rush of water can inundate coastal communities, causing extensive flooding, structural damage, and erosion. Additionally, storm surge can exacerbate the impact of heavy rainfall, leading to even more severe flooding.
Beyond the Wave: Additional Threats:
The dangers of storm surge extend beyond the immediate threat of flooding:
Strong Currents: The surging water creates powerful currents that can sweep away people, vehicles, and debris.
Contaminated Water: Floodwaters from storm surge can be contaminated with sewage, chemicals, and other hazardous materials.
Debris Impact: The force of the surge can carry large debris inland, causing significant damage to structures and posing a danger to anyone in its path.
Hurricane Mythbusters: Inland Areas are NOT Immune to Hurricane Impacts
When hurricanes threaten landfall, the focus often centers on coastal communities bracing for the brunt of the storm. This leaves many inland residents with a false sense of security, believing they are immune to the impacts of these powerful weather systems. However, the reality is that hurricanes pose significant threats far beyond the coastline, impacting communities hundreds of miles inland.
Wind Hazards Extend Far Inland:
While hurricanes are known for their intense winds near the eyewall, these winds can maintain significant strength as the storm moves inland. Hurricane-force wind gusts can extend hundreds of miles from the center of the storm, causing widespread damage to trees, power lines, and structures. Inland areas, often less accustomed to such extreme winds, can be particularly vulnerable to wind-related damage.
Flooding: A Widespread Threat:
Hurricanes are prolific rain producers, capable of dumping torrential amounts of precipitation over vast areas. As the storm moves inland and interacts with geographical features, such as mountains and hills, the rainfall can intensify, leading to flash floods, river flooding, and mudslides. Inland communities situated near rivers, streams, and low-lying areas are particularly susceptible to these flood hazards.
Tornadoes: A Hidden Danger:
Hurricanes often spawn tornadoes, particularly in the right-front quadrant of the storm. These tornadoes can occur well inland, sometimes hundreds of miles from the coast, posing a significant threat to communities not directly in the path of the hurricane’s core.
Indirect Impacts and Cascading Effects:
Beyond the direct wind, flooding, and tornado threats, hurricanes can trigger a cascade of indirect impacts on inland areas:
Power Outages: Widespread wind damage to power lines can lead to prolonged power outages, disrupting essential services and daily life.
Transportation Disruptions: Flooding and debris can make roads impassable, hindering transportation and emergency response efforts.
Economic Disruptions: Business closures, agricultural losses, and supply chain disruptions can have significant economic consequences for inland communities.
Hurricane Mythbusters: Lower Category Doesn’t Mean Lower Risk
As hurricanes approach landfall, their categorization often becomes a focal point of public attention. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale, which ranks hurricanes from Category 1 to 5 based on wind speed, provides a valuable tool for understanding potential wind damage. However, a common misconception arises when hurricanes weaken below Category 3: the assumption that lower category storms pose minimal threats. This misconception can lead to complacency and underestimation of the dangers associated with these still-powerful weather systems.
Beyond Wind Speed: A Multifaceted Threat:
While wind speed is a crucial factor in hurricane categorization and potential damage, it’s essential to recognize that hurricanes are multifaceted threats. Even as a hurricane weakens below Category 3, it can still unleash a range of hazards, including:
Heavy Rainfall and Flooding: Hurricanes are prolific rain producers, capable of causing significant inland flooding regardless of their wind speed category. Slow-moving or stalled hurricanes can dump torrential amounts of rainfall over a region, leading to flash floods, river flooding, and mudslides.
Storm Surge: The storm surge, a rise in seawater level pushed ashore by the hurricane’s winds, remains a significant threat even as wind speeds decrease. The height and extent of storm surge depend on various factors, including the size and track of the hurricane, coastal topography, and the timing of tides.
Tornadoes: Hurricanes can spawn tornadoes, regardless of their category, particularly in the right-front quadrant of the storm. These tornadoes can pose a significant threat to communities both near the coast and further inland.
Case Studies: Lower Category, High Impact:
History provides numerous examples of lower-category hurricanes causing significant damage and loss of life:
Hurricane Harvey (2017): Despite weakening to a Category 1 hurricane at landfall, Harvey stalled over Texas, producing catastrophic flooding and becoming one of the costliest hurricanes in U.S. history.
Hurricane Florence (2018): Florence made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane but caused extensive flooding and damage in the Carolinas due to its slow movement and record-breaking rainfall.
